(1) The relationship between the electrolyte concentration and the electromotive force and open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery. The electromotive force and open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery are related to the concentration of the electrolyte of the lead-acid battery than H2O4, and the electromotive force and open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery also decrease with the concentration of the electrolyte HzSO4. Therefore, the electromotive force and open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery can be understood by measuring the concentration of the electrolyte. The relationship between the open circuit voltage of lead-acid battery and the concentration of electrolyte H2S4: the electromotive force of lead-acid battery and the concentration of electrolyte H2SO4. In order to use the battery correctly, it is not enough to only understand its basic principles and structure, but also to master the relevant laws of battery work. The whole work of the battery is the constant repetition of charging and discharging. In these two processes, its voltage, electrolyte density and the active substance on the plate are changed at any time, and it has a certain regularity, which has a guiding significance for practical use.

(2) The effect of electrolytic liquid phase on the density of discharge current and capacity. Any fluid has a certain viscosity. In a lead battery, the electrolyte creates viscosity. The higher the density of the electrolyte, the stronger the concentration, and the vice versa. If the electrolyte concentration is too thin, the resistivity of the battery is very large, and the voltage will drop quickly when used, and the output of the rated capacity cannot be guaranteed. If the electrolyte is too thick, the viscosity will be large, and the diffusion rate of ions will be affected by the large viscosity. The greater the ionic diffusion rate, the better the electrochemical effect, and the more the capacity of the battery can be played. When the electro-hydraulic viscosity is too large, the ion diffusion rate is reduced, the electrochemical effect is poor, and the capacity of the battery is also poor. Since the concentration of the electrolyte directly affects the capacity of the battery, the appropriate density of the electrolyte must be selected. In the normal use range, the lower the density of the electrolyte liquid pair, the larger the capacity; But not too low or too high, too low or too high will lead to capacity decline. The battery has high quality requirements for the electrolyte, requiring the preparation of pure sulfuric acid and distilled water, if industrial sulfuric acid (containing impurities such as iron and copper) and non-distilled water preparation, it will bring impurities, resulting in early damage to the plate and the self-disappearance of capacity. In an emergency, if you can't find distilled water, you can temporarily use rain or snow instead. The density of the electrolyte has a great influence on the performance and life of the battery. If the specific gravity is increased, although the chemical action between the electrolyte and the plate is enhanced, the electromotive force will rise, and the electrolyte can be avoided to freeze within a certain range, but the partition will be accelerated by sulfuric acid corrosion, the plate is also easy to vulcanize, shortening the battery life. According to the test, when the electrolyte density is 1.29 (compared with the electrolyte density of 1.25~1.26), the battery life will be shortened by 40%.

(3) The effect of electrolyte density on the performance and life of lead batteries. The density of the electrolyte determines the electromotive force of the battery, and the density affects the viscosity of the electrolyte, thus affecting the diffusion rate of ions. Density affects the resistance of electrolyte. The density affects the density difference between inside and outside the plate micropores, and also affects the diffusion rate of ions. The density of the electrolyte has a great influence on the operation of the battery. With the increase of density, the freezing point of electrolyte decreases, and the capacity can be increased. However, the density is too large, the viscosity increases, the electrolyte penetration is difficult, the capacity is reduced, and the plate is easy to vulcanize, which will shorten the service life. When the electrolyte density is too high, not only increases the resistance and viscosity of the electrolyte, but also increases the partial discharge and corrosion of the negative plate, obviously, this will not only increase the capacity of the battery, but will reduce the capacity of the battery and affect the service life. For this reason, the density of the electrolyte must be appropriate in practical applications. The new battery should be filled with the appropriate density of electrolyte according to the factory instructions.
(4) Influence of electrolyte temperature on discharge characteristics of lead battery. The temperature of the electrolyte increases, the activity of the electrolyte increases, and it is easy to form an ionic state, which also increases the capacity of the battery. When the temperature decreases, on the one hand, due to the increase of the viscosity of the electrolyte, the increase of the penetration resistance, the speed of replenishment to the inside of the plate slows down, and the utilization rate of the active substance deep in the plate decreases. Therefore, the terminal voltage drops rapidly during the discharge process, and the capacity decreases significantly. On the other hand, the increase of the viscosity of the electrolyte increases the resistance of the electrolyte, the increase of the internal voltage drop consumed in the discharge, and the decrease of the terminal voltage and the decrease of the capacity. In particular, low temperature and high current discharge has a greater impact on the characteristics. However, in actual work, it is never allowed to increase the operating temperature in order to increase the capacity. In general, the temperature of the stationary battery is not allowed to exceed 35C, and the temperature of the mobile battery is not allowed to exceed 46 'C. If the temperature is too high, the plate and separator of the battery will be damaged.